My classmates told to finish my blog so I did this thing they called a Massive up date

Chapter 1

I believe that with in the last 200 years mankind has developed so many technology that help us in the case for marine biology. With these new technologies we can explore places we could never have gone to or even know about.

Chapter 3

Quarter moon would be my pick because that is when the moon's and sun's gravitational pull are working against each other. Making it less dangerous extreme and much more safer.

Chapter 4

At day the oxygen levels in the water would be greater because it is going through photosynthesis which means if is also taking all the carbon dioxide (CO2) and turning it into oxygen (O2). While at night only respiration happens which means no covering CO2 in to O2 which makes the level of oxygen in the water to decreased at night.

Chapter 5

Archaea is a prokaryotic cell which opposed to a prosists that is a eukaroteitic.

Chapter 6

Plants on land have a better chance adapting and green on land and only the few that don't look to the sea for alternative. Not so many plants can adapt to the high saltiness of the oceans, the waves moving all the time and by the way they have offspring's or in other words have babies.

Chapter 7

The factors that triggered the evolutions were the need for movement and a more active hunting lifestyle. Yes they were successful. I believed in what scientists sometimes believe, human nature the strong survive and the weaker link die.

Chapter 9

Because turtles are not taught how to do anything. They learn by hatching trying to make to make it to the water without getting killed. Raising one releasing it when grown would render it clueless on how to survive and would depend on humans for food and what not

Chapter 18

Mmmmm.....DUCK.....

The poop that was rich in nutrients such as nitrate and phosphate rendered many sea creatures contaminated so to speak sick like as if they caught the Ebola virus or AIDS. It probably made the shellfish all sick and there for prohibited to be sold by law!

Chapter 8

1. I believe that those jawless fish are around to ' vacuum' the ocean floor of all the dead organisms that other fishes won't eat.

2. Umm..its pregnant so I beat it has cravings just like humans do when they pregnant. Honestly I don't how the development characteristics are gonna be.

3. Well first of all having a sex change? EWWW!..lol.. The disadvantage of more male is that not enough woman to mate with to have more offspring's. The disadvantage of having equal numbers is that if one fish wants to cheat on his wife, he can't because all the other fish are taken. Seriously the disadvantage would be a lesser number of offspring's than if there more females than males.

Chapter 14

1. Temperature is one factor. Volcanic activity in the Pacific is another factor, and the quantity of the corals that the pacific has can not be formed anywhere else in the world.

2. The temperatures are a key factor in a corals life if it is to high it will burn the coral to death. If it is to low it freezes the coral to death. Also the tide, if it is to high less sunlight get through and the corals die.

3. It is geologist located near the entrance of the Amazon River that probably have things like pesticides or silt or other things that harm coral reefs or the coral reefs survival.

Cahpter 2 Critical thinking question

2. Why are most oceanic trenches found in the Pacific Ocean?
The Pacific Ocean is shrinking and plates are descending below surrounding plates along its edges, and so it creates trenches.

Reptilia
The saltwater crocodile
The saltwater crocodile can live in fresh water, salt water .If it is living in salty water, the kidneys and the crocodile's tongue get rid of salt. The “crock’s” eyes and nose are located high on the head. The crock has a broad tail and webbed feet for swimming, it feeds on almost any meat it can get. This reptile happens to be amphibious so it is technically both land and water.

Mammalia - Dolphin

Dolphins, not the one’s from MHS, have a streamlined body, adapted for fast swimming. Its basic color patterns are shades of grey with a light underside and a distinct dark cape on the back. It is often combined with lines and patches of different hue and contrast.
The head contains the melon, a round organ used for echolocation. Most dolphins have jaws that are elongated, forming a distinct beak. Some dolphin’s, like the Bottlenose, have a curved mouth which looks like a fixed smile. Dolphins teeth’s are up to two hundred and fifty in several its species. The dolphin’s brain is large and has a highly structured cortex, which often is discussed if they have an advanced intellect.
All dolphins don’t have hair which distinct them from other mammals except the only exception to this is the boto river dolphin, which does have some small hairs on the rostrum. Dolphin can be found at Susupe, Saipan right across the Civic Center (MHS).

Aves - Loon

Loons eat fish, amphibians, and crustaceans, which they hunt for under water, finding their prey by sight. This includes crayfish, frogs, snails, salamanders and leeches. They prefer clear lakes because it is easier to see prey. The loon's pointy bill is used to stab or grasp prey. Vertebrate prey is eaten head first to facilitate swallowing.
To help digestion, loons swallow small pebbles from the bottom of a lake Similar to grit eaten by chicken, these grastrolith may assist the loon's gizzard in crushing the hard parts of the loon's food (the exoskeleton of crustaceans and the bones of frogs and salamanders), as prey is swallowed whole.

FISH ARE FRIENDS!!! NOT FOOD???

As a very proud palauan...umm.. I mean fisherman. I can say that fish is something that this world can't life without because of its proteins, meat, and recreational purposes. The article said that the fish population is rapidly decreasing. There is a very simple solution to this problem..cloning. Cloning fish is easy, they already cloned a Salmon and a whole goat.

DNA

1. What is DNA?
   Deoxyribonucleic Acid
   

2. What are the 4 bases?
   A for adenine, T for thymine, C for cytosine and finally G for guanine, so the bases are ATCG.
   

3. What 2 pieces of information did the scientists need to solve the elusive structure of DNA?
   Phosphate backbone was on the outside with bases on the inside, the molecule was a double helix
   

4. What are the specific base pairs?
   A & T, G & C
   

5. How does the pairing rule affect the shape and structure of DNA?
   A&T makes a 2 hydrogen bond and G&C makes a 3 hydrogen bond, which directs the structure and shape of the DNA molecule when its being copied.
   

6. What does the DNA do during cell division?
   It is copied.
   

7. How many base pairs does E. Coli have? How long does it take to replicate? How is the DNA packaged in the cell?
   It has 4,639,221 base pairs, takes 40 minutes to replicate, and it’s inside the genetic makeup of the cell.
   

8. How many base pairs does Human DNA have? How long does it take to replicate? How is the DNA packaged in the cell?
   Humans have3 billion and more base pairs, they take 12 to 24 hours, and it is packaged in the nucleus.

RNA

1. What is RNA? How different is it from DNA?
   RNA is the copy of the DNA. Its different because it is a single strand, not a double helix like DNA, and instead of thymine (T), it is uracil (U).
   

2. How are the RNA messages formed?
   RNA messages are formed by the grouping together of 3 of the letters to create a codon, which line up and form a chain of codes that create a message.
   

3. How are the RNA messages interpreted?
   Ribosomes read the messages and then attach the amino acids together to make up a protein.

   
   
   
   

Cells

1. Describe cell cycle.
First the cell starts to grow then chromosomes duplicate and divide while the cell continues to grow. The cell reaches a certain size that is suitable for it to be able to have cell division.
*chromosomes are stored in the cell nucleus
*CDK and cyclin are the key molecules that control and coordinate cell division
2. What is nuclear division?
Nuclear division is the division of the nucleus and genetic information into more than one cell, usually through mitosis or meiosis.
3. What is interphase?
Interphase is when the cell or nucleus is not in mitosis.
4. Cytokinesis?
Cytokinesis is the stage in meiosis in which the cytoplasm of the cell is divided after the nuclear division.
5. Homologous chromosomes?
They are the pair of chromosomes that have the same genetic sequencing because they come from the same parent cell.
6. Phases of mitosis (5 of them).
There is Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Interphase.
7. Phases of meiosis and how it is different from mitosis.
Early prophase
Late prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Second Telophase
*meiosis is different from mitosis because the cell goes through 2 divisions instead of just one and results in 4 daughter cells instead of only 2.
*cells that go through mitosis are called diploid cells because it has 2 complete sets of chromosomes. cells that go through meiosis are only have a single set of chromosomes that is completed when the female and male gamete are united.
8. Describe the process and purpose of crossing over.
Crossing over occurs when the sperm and egg chromosomes pair up and swap genetic information, reducing the number of chromosomes to a complete set. It is important because it makes the number of chromosomes the normal number and also allows the genetic information to remain present in the cell.

Coral Reefs

Fringing Reef

Barrier Reef

Atoll

1. How is each reef structure formed?
A fringing reef is formed when coral larvae settles on a hard surface and begins to grow. As the corals grow, they create their own hard bottoms, which creates a place for more coral to grow.
Barrier reefs are formed when sediment and coral rubble create a building foundation for the reef. Sea grass and seaweed beds, soft corals, and patches of cover coral are mixed in with the coral rubble to create a continuously growing bottom layer.
Atolls first start out as a fringing reef around a volcanic island. The reef gets wider and deeper as the island slowly sinks and eventually the reef flat becomes a lagoon and the fringing reef morphs into a barrier reef. When the island disappears completely the ring of growing reef left behind is the atoll.

2. Where is each reef structure found?
Fringing reefs are found on rocky shorelines close to land.
Barrier reefs, like fringing reefs, are found along the coast but farther out and separated by a lagoon.
Atolls are found on top of sunken volcanic islands which lie underneath a layer of calcium carbonate.

3. What is the trophic structure of a reef?
They are usually revolve around nutrient recycling. The zooanthellae take the coral nitrogen and phosphorus waste products and use the sun to create organic compounds which the corals need to survive. Without this process, corals would not be able to grow to their vast sizes since the water is usually poor in nutrients.

4. How does the location and type of reef influence the trophic structure?
Fringing reefs are close to shore so the water in which they live in gets run off and a mixture of nutrients and pollution from the land. Barrier reefs, however, are farther out so they have access to water from the lagoon and the deeper ocean. Additionally, the fish and other organisms that live in the reefs add and subtract from the nutrients in that community.

5. Give examples of the types of corals found on reefs.
Soft corals, hard corals, fast-growing corals, branching corals,and many more.

6. Give examples of competition, predation, and grazing.
Competition is an overgrowth or direct attack of one coral to another in their fight for growing space. A sea urchin is an example of predation since it eats and completely kills coral. Many types of fish eat coral polyps, but they don't eat enough to kill the whole organism. Grazing keeps coral populations in check.